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question:Given the text: Citation: Nisbet, D.J., Callaway, T.R., Edrington, T.S., Anderson, R.C., Krueger, N.A. 2009. Effects of the dicarboxylic acids malate and fumarate on E. Coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium populations in pure culture and in mixed ruminal microorganism fermentations. Current Microbiology. 58:488-492. Interpretive Summary: The dicarboxylic organic acids malate and fumarate have been suggested for use as modifiers of the ruminal fermentation of cattle because they enhance the efficiency of this fermentation, resulting in more efficient meat or milk production. These acids have effects similar to that of the ionophore monensin on the ruminal fermentation. However, some organic acids can affect intestinal populations of foodborne pathogenic bacteria such as E. Coli O157:H7 and Salmonella that are found in cattle. In our study, we found that the addition of the dicarboxylic acids did improve the overall energetic efficiency of the mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation, but did not affect populations of E. Coli O157:H7 and Salmonella that were added to these fermentations. These results confirm that dicarboxylic acids can modify the ruminal fermentation, but they do not influence populations of critical foodborne pathogens. Technical Abstract: The dicarboxylic organic acids malate and fumarate increase ruminal pH, reduce methane production, increase propionate and total VFA production, and reduce lactic acid accumulation in a manner similar to ionophores. These acids stimulate the ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium to ferment lactate to produce propionate. Thus, dicarboxylic acids have been suggested for use as non-antibiotic modifiers of the ruminal fermentation, but their impact on the overall microbial ecology of the rumen remains unknown. Therefore, this study was prepared to determine the effects of these modifiers on populations of the foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium. Pure cultures of E. Coli O157:H7 strain 933 and S. Typhimurium were grown with malate and fumarate added at 0, 1, 5, 10, and 20 mM (v/v; n = 3). Neither dicarboxylic acid inhibited (P greater than 0.1) the growth rate or final populations of E. Coli O157:H7 or S. Typhimurium. Ruminal fluid was collected from concentrate fed cows (n = 2), and E. Coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium were added to separate ruminal fermentations. Fumarate and malate were added at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mM (v/v; n = 2) and were incubated for 24 h. Malate or fumarate addition did not affect (P greater than 0.1) populations of E. Coli O157:H7 or S. Typhimurium. However, final pH was increased (P less than 0.05), the acetate:propionate ratio was decreased (P less than 0.05), and total VFA production was increased (P less than 0.05) by greater than 10 mM dicarboxylic acid addition. These results confirm that dicarboxylic acids can modify the ruminal fermentation, but they do not influence populations of critical foodborne pathogens. Based on the findings of the study, can dicarboxylic acids be used as non-antibiotic modifiers of the ruminal fermentation to improve the efficiency of meat or milk production in cattle, without contributing to the spread of foodborne pathogens?
answer:Yes, the study found that dicarboxylic acids can improve the efficiency of the ruminal fermentation without affecting populations of foodborne pathogens such as E. Coli and Salmonella, suggesting their potential use as non-antibiotic modifiers for meat or milk production in cattle.
question:Can you provide more information on how the dicarboxylic acids affect ruminal fermentation in cattle?
answer:Sure, the dicarboxylic organic acids malate and fumarate have been shown to increase ruminal pH, reduce methane production, increase propionate and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, and reduce lactic acid accumulation in cattle. These acids stimulate the growth and metabolic activity of Selenomonas ruminantium, a ruminal bacterium that ferments lactate to produce propionate, a beneficial VFA that serves as a precursor for glucose synthesis in the liver. By improving the energetic efficiency of the ruminal fermentation, dicarboxylic acids can enhance meat or milk production in cattle and reduce greenhouse gas emissions without relying on antibiotics or growth promoters.
question:That's interesting. Can you provide some examples of how the addition of dicarboxylic acids in cattle feed has improved meat or milk production efficiency?
answer:Sure! A study published in the Journal of Animal Science in 2003 showed that feeding fumarate to lactating dairy cows increased their milk production and milk protein concentration without affecting milk fat concentration. Another study published in the same journal in 2008 showed that feeding malate to beef cattle increased their dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, and carcass weight, without affecting carcass quality or lipid oxidation. In a study published in the journal PLOS ONE in 2018, researchers found that feeding fumarate to Holstein cows during early lactation improved their milk yield, milk fat concentration, and energy-corrected milk yield, without affecting their body weight, body condition score, or health status. These studies suggest that the addition of dicarboxylic acids to cattle feed can improve the efficiency of meat or milk production without compromising animal health or food safety.
question:Summer tourism promotions take the form of Street Marketing ™! The Charente Maritime launched the tourism promotion through this Street Marketing ™ operation carried out by the Street Marketing ™ Agency. Four young men dressed in stripped jersey and disguised in pierrots distributed magazines reciting poetic verses from the Charente Maritime. At the same time, the tourism department launched a photo contest with a hashtag #OnMetLesVoiles to engage the audience. Street Marketing ™ to promote tourism this summer, why not! Have other tourism departments used Street Marketing ™ to promote their destinations in the past?
answer:Yes, many tourism departments and agencies have used Street Marketing ™ to promote their destinations in the past. Some examples include: - The Irish tourism department used Street Marketing ™ to promote the Wild Atlantic Way. They placed large photo frames in iconic locations along the coastline and encouraged people to take photos and share them on social media with the hashtag #WildAtlanticWay. - VisitScotland used Street Marketing ™ to promote their Highland Games events. They set up a mini Highland Games experience in busy city centers, complete with caber tossing and tug-of-war. - The New Zealand tourism agency used Street Marketing ™ to promote their country as a destination for adventure tourism. They placed an oversized cardboard cutout of a bungee jumper in busy locations, such as train stations and malls, to catch the attention of passersby. Overall, Street Marketing ™ can be a creative and effective way to promote tourism destinations and engage potential visitors.